Cerita di Balik Kain Tradisional
Ada banyak cerita dan filosofi di balik kecantikan kain-kain wastra nusantara. Terdapat makna makna mendalam yang mendasari pembuatan kain. Dalam pembuatan wastra nusantara, pengrajin di daerah daerah banyak melakukan akulturasi budaya. Bukan hanya dengan budaya luar, inspirasi motif wastra justru bersinggungan dengan organisasi , strata sosial atau sistem religi.
Melansir dari berbagai sumber, berikut ragam makna dan filosofi kain kain wastra nusantara yang terdapat di Indonesia.
Kain Ulos Sumatera Utara
Secara harfiah, ulos berarti selimut yang menghangatkan badan dan bermakna sebagai simbol keberkatan. Ada banyak jenis ulos dari Batak Toba, diantaranya adalah ragi hidup, ragih otang, dan sibolang yang biasa dijadikan selendang. Jenis kain ulos lainnya adalah ulos sadum angkola/ulos godang yang biasanya diberikan orang tua kepada sang anak tercinta dengan harapan, mendatangkan kegembiraan dan berkat bagi keluarga.
Tenun Gringsing Bali
Pada masyarakat Bali Aga di Tenganan, Bali, mereka percaya jika tenun Gringsing khas Balu punya khasiat untuk menyembuhkan. Kata gringsing sendiri berasal dari kata "gring" yang berarti sakit dan "sing" yang berarti tifak, sehingga jika digabungkan bermaksa "tidak sakit".
Songket - Sumatera Selatan
Sedangkan di Sumatera Selatan, benang emas yang digunakan pada Songket merupakan simbol Kejayaan Kerajaan Sriwijaya pada masa itu. Jika tidak heran wastra nusantara dijadikan benda "keramat" di beberapa daerah.
Tenun Timor Papua
Dalam adat masyarakat Sorong Papua misalnya Tenun Timor khas daerah tersebut dijadikan sebagai mas kawin. di Timor sendiri, kain tersebut sampai dijadikan warisan atau kenang-kenangan bagi anak dan menantu mereka.
Kain Tapis - Lampung
Masyarakat Lampung juga punya kain tenun kebanggaan dan berbda dari kain tenun lainnya yang ada di Indonesia, yakni kain tapis. Kain ini merupakan jenis tenunan yang terbuat dari benang kapas serta diberi hiasan sulaman benang emas, benang perak, atau sutera.
Secara simbiolis dan filosofis, kain tapis ini memiliki makna yang mendalam.Kain tapis dianggap sebagai simbol perjalanan hidup manusia. Pasalnya motif kapal dianggap sebagai kendaraan yang membawa perjalanan kehidupan manusia, mulai dari masa kelahiran, masa anak anak, remaja, dewasa, masa perkawinan, hingga kematian.
Tenun Ikat Flores
Kain tenun ikat Flores merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak wastra nusantara yang bernilai seni tinggi. Keindahan tersebut tentu tak lepas dari rumitnya proses menenun sebuah kain ikat, yang harus melewati setidaknya 20 tahapan dan membutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama.
Kain tradisional ini diproduksi di beberapa daerah di Flores, di antaranta Maumere, Sikka, Ende, Ngada, Nagekeo, Manggarai, Lio, dan Lembata. Setiap daerah memiliki corak dan warna yang berbeda mempresentasikan ragam suku, adat istiadat, agama dan kehidupan masyarakat Flores.
Tak hanya mencerminkan keragaman, beberapa pola yang terkandung dalam kain tenun ikat Flores juga sarat akan makna. Mislanya pola belah ketupat yang menggambakan persatuan antara pemerintah dan masyarakat.
Tenun Sumba
Kain tenun sumba tetap mempertahankan motif-motif fauna yang menjadi ciri khasnya. Masyarakat Sumba percaya, bahwa binatang tertentu layak untuk dijadikan sebagai simbol atau nilai kehidupan manusia. Motif kuda melambangkan kepahlawanan, keagungan, dan kebangsawanan karena kuda merupakan simbol harga diri bagi masyarakat Sumba. Motif lain, seperti buaya dan naga menggambarkan kekuatan dan kekuasaan raja, motif ayam melambangkan kehidupan wanita, dan motif burung umumnya kakak tua melambangkan persatuan.
Keistimewaan kain tenun sumba tidak berhenti sampai disitu. kain ini pun dianggap sakral oleh masyarakat setempat sehingga dipakai dalam setiap momen momen penting. seperti menyambut kelahiran, pernikahan bahkan ritual penguburan.
Sumber :
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歷史
六七千年前的先民就開始釣魚。周文王曾和兒子們在靈沼釣魚取樂。戰國時范蠡也愛釣魚，常把所釣之魚供給越王勾踐食用。 二十世紀八十年代，中國大陸的各級釣魚協會成立，釣魚地點也從自然水域向養殖水域過度，所釣之魚則從粗養向細養過度。人數增多、水體污染及濫捕濫撈導致釣魚難度上升。釣魚協會開始與漁民和農民簽訂文件，使更多釣者能夠在養殖水域釣魚，達到了雙贏的目的。 二十世紀九十年代初，來自台灣的懸釣法走紅大陸，各地開始建造標準釣池。 二十世紀末，發達國家的釣者提倡回顧自然，引發新一輪野釣戰，而中國的釣者則更青睞精養魚池。<>]
工具
一种钓鱼竿机械部分示意图
最基本的钓具包括：鱼竿、鱼线、鱼钩、沉坨（又名沉子）、浮标（又名鱼漂）、鱼饵。<>]:1其他辅助钓具包括：失手绳、钓箱、线轮、抄网、鱼篓、渔具盒、钓鱼服、钓鱼鞋等。<>]:1
钓竿一般由玻璃纖維或碳纖維轻而有力的竿状物质製成，钓竿和鱼饵用丝线联接。一般的鱼饵可以是蚯蚓、米饭、蝦子、菜叶、苍蝇、蛆等，现代有专门制作好（多数由自己配置的半成品）的粉製鱼饵出售。鱼饵挂在鱼鉤上，不同的對象鱼有不同的釣組配置。在周围水面撒一些誘餌通常会有較好的集魚效果。
钓具
鱼竿
主条目：鱼竿
钓鱼的鱼竿按照材质包括：传统竹竿、玻璃纤维竿、碳素竿，按照钓法包括：手竿、矶竿、海竿（又名甩竿），按照所钓鱼类包括：溪流小继竿、日鲫竿（又名河内竿）、鲤竿、矶中小物竿。<>]:6-8
鱼钩
主条目：鱼钩
鱼钩就是垂钓用的钩，主要分为：有倒钩、无倒钩、毛钩。<>]:14
鱼线
主条目：鱼线
鱼线就是垂钓时绑接鱼竿和鱼钩的线，历史上曾使用蚕丝（远古日本）、发丝（江户时期日本）、马尾（西欧）、二枚贝（地中海）、蛛网丝（夏威夷）、琼麻（东南亚）、尼龙钓线（美国）。<>]:25
鱼漂
主条目：鱼漂
鱼漂又名浮标，垂钓时栓在鱼线上的能漂浮的东西，主要用于搜集水底情报，查看鱼汛，观察鱼饵存留状态，以及水底水流起伏变化。<>]:36
鱼饵
主条目：鱼饵
鱼饵分为诱饵和钓饵，是一种用来吸引鱼群和垂钓时使用的物品，钓饵分为荤饵、素饵、拟饵、拉饵。<>]:170
沉子
主条目：沉子
沉子又名沉坨、铅锤，是一种调节鱼漂的工具。<>]:45
卷线器
主条目：卷线器
卷线器主要安装在海竿和矶竿上的一种卷线的工具。<>]:63
连结具
主条目：连结具
连结具是连结鱼线与钓竿、母线与子线的一种连结物，使用最广泛的是连结环。<>]:55
识鱼
鱼类的视力不如人类，距离、宽度均无法和人类的视力比较，鱼类对水色、绿色比较敏感，鱼类的嗅觉非常灵敏，鱼类的听觉也非常灵敏，钓鲤鱼时，不能在岸上大声谈笑、走动不停，鱼类的思考能力非常弱，鱼类应对周边环境随着气象、水温、水色、潮流、流速、水量的变化而变化，于是便出现了在同一个池塘、水库、湖泊，往日钓鱼收获大，今日少，上午收获大，下午少，晴天大，雨天少等情况。<>]:114-117淡水钓鱼，中国大陆经常垂钓的鱼类对象是本地鲫鱼、日本鲫、非洲鲫、鲤鱼、游鱼、罗非鱼、黄刺鱼（黄鸭叫）、黄尾、鳊鱼、青鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼，台湾经常垂钓的鱼类对象是本地鲫鱼、日本鲫、吴郭鱼（罗非鱼）、溪哥仔和红猫（粗首马口鱲）、斗鱼、罗汉鱼、苦花、三角姑（河鮠）、竹蒿头（密鱼）。<>]:117
影响鱼类的6大因素主要是：季节变更、气温高低、水的涨落、风的大小、水的清浊、天气阴晴